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第 15 週 · 不等式與線性規劃 · 第 2 節

圖解法解一元二次不等式(看拋物線在 x 軸上 / 下)

上節解一次不等式;這節解二次不等式 ax² + bx + c > 0 / < 0。最直觀的辦法 —— 看拋物線哪一段在 x 軸上方(y 為正)、哪一段在下方(y 為負)。

▶ 第一關: 先因式分解求根(= x 截距)
y = x² − 5x + 6 meets x-axis at 2 and 3xy23roots = x-intercepts(x − 2)(x − 3) = 0 → x = 2 or x = 3
roots 2 and 3 cut the x-axis into 3 pieces23x < 22 < x < 3x > 3
x² − 5x + 6(x − 2)(x − 3)× : (−2)(−3) = 6 = constant term ✓+ : (−2)+(−3) = −5 = middle coefficient ✓factor constants: product = c, sum = b
▶ 第二關: > 0 看上方、< 0 看下方
x² − 5x + 6 > 0 : take the parts ABOVE x-axisx23y > 0y > 0answer: x < 2 or x > 3 (outside the roots)check x=0 → 6 > 0 ✓ check x=4 → 2 > 0 ✓
x² − 5x + 6 < 0 : take the part BELOW x-axisx23y < 0 (the dip)answer: 2 < x < 3 (between the roots)check x=2.5 → −0.25 < 0 ✓
▶ 第三關: 口訣與邊界(含 / 不含)
a > 0 mnemonic: >0 take two sides, <0 take the middler₁r₂> 0 here> 0 here< 0 heregreen = two sides (outside) | red = middle (between)
boundary: > < → open circle | ≥ ≤ → solid dotx² − 5x + 6 > 02 open3 openx² − 4 ≥ 0−2 solid2 solid
1 < x < 4 : count integers strictly inside1234integers inside: 2, 3 → 2 of them
⚔ BOSS: 綜合(含 a < 0、含等號、判斷某 x)
a < 0 (opens DOWN) : −x² + 5x − 6 > 0x23y > 0 here (hump on top)answer: 2 < x < 3 (between the roots)down-opening flips it: >0 is the MIDDLEsame as x² − 5x + 6 < 0 after ×(−1) flip