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第 12 週 · 聯立方程與變分 · 第 5 節

正變與反變 · y=kx 直線、y=k/x 雙曲線

現實裡兩個量常「一個變、另一個跟著變」—— 成正比(正變)或成反比(反變)。這是函數關係最簡單的兩類。用比值、乘積、圖像三招從零講透,配滿圖例。

▶ 第一關: 正變 y = kx(比值恆定、過原點直線)
x = 4y = kxhere k = 312x doublessame constant ratio ky doubles too
y = 3x : ratio y/x is always 3xyy/x133263393
xyorigin (0,0)y=3xy=2xy=xbigger k → steeper line, all through origin
▶ 第二關: 反變 y = k/x(乘積恆定、雙曲線)
x ↑y = k/xproduct xy = k fixedy ↓one grows, the other shrinks (opposite directions)
y = 12/x : product xy is always 12xyxy261234124312
xyy = k/x(2,6)(4,3)gets close toaxis, never 0
▶ 第三關: 進階變分(y ∝ x²、y ∝ √x)
same recipe, just swap what x becomesdirect in x²y = k x²inverse in x²y = k / x²direct in √xy = k √x
worked: y varies directly as x²y = k x²12 = k(2²) ⇒ k=3y=3(3²)=27find k first, then plug the new x in
⚔ BOSS: 變分四步法 + 反向求值
the four-step variation routine1. set typey=kx or k/x2. sub knownfind k3. write rulewith k in4. plug newx→y or y→xstep 4 can run backwards: given y, solve for x