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第 12 週 · 聯立方程與變分 · 第 4 節

續方程應用題 · 建模、解、捨根

你已經會解聯立、分式、二次方程了;這節把它們用到現實 —— 行程、工程、面積、數字、增長。難點不在計算,而在「把一段文字翻成一條方程」。用六步法 + 滿圖例,把建模這件事講透。

1 set up x(let x = ?)2 build eqn(relation)3 tidy upstandard form4 solveall roots5 check + rejectbad roots6 answerwith unitsstep 5 is where marks are lost
▶ 第一關: 行程問題(時間 = 路程 ÷ 速率 → 分式)
ABgo: speed x , 120 kmback: speed x+20 , 120 kmtime go + time back = 5 h ⇒ 120/x + 120/(x+20) = 5
river current = 4downstream x+4upstream x−4with-current is faster, against-current is slower
▶ 第二關: 工程問題(一天的量 = 1 ÷ 天數)
甲 1/x per day乙 1/(x+5)/daywhole job = 1filled in 6 daysrates ADD up1/x + 1/(x+5) = 1/6 (one day together)
▶ 第三關: 面積 & 數字(列出來就是二次)
Area = 40length = x + 3width = xx(x+3)=40x²+3x−40=0label sides first, then multiply
xx + 7Area=30½·x·(x+7)=30x²+7x−60=0
roots of x²+3x−40=0x = 5 ✓ keepx = −8width < 0 is impossible→ cross it out (reject)answer = the surviving root
⚔ BOSS: 增長率 + 均攤(綜合硬題)
two equal yearly rises100110121×(1+r)×(1+r)100(1+r)² = 121(1+r)² = 1.211+r = 1.1 ✓1+r = −1.1r = 10%