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第 12 週 · 聯立方程與變分 · 第 2 節

代數法解聯立方程(代入消元)

上節用畫圖找交點,準是準,但讀坐標只能靠估。這節改用代數法精確算 — 核心一招「代入消元」:把一個變量代掉,化成一元二次,解完再代回。配滿圖例。

▶ 第一關: 代入消元三步(解出 → 代入 → 代回)
line: y = x+2solve one varput into y = x²eliminate yx² − x − 2 = 0quadratic in xsolve x → put x back → get ysubstitute · eliminate · solve · back-substitute
y = x + 2y = x²both equal yx² = x + 2← y is gonex² − x − 2 = 0(x − 2)(x + 1) = 0x = 2 or x = −1
x = 2y = 2² = 4point (2, 4)back-substitute x to recover y
▶ 第二關: 兩組解 ↔ 兩交點,及「先變形再代入」
y=x²y=x+2(2,4)x=2(−1,1)x=−1two rootsx = 2, −1two points
graphical (last lesson)read crossing point≈ (2, 4)eyeballedalgebraic (this lesson)x² − x − 2 = 0= exactly (2, 4)precisesame answer, two roads
x + y = 6y = 6 − xx² = 6 − xrearrange to y = … first, then substitute
▶ 第三關: 相切(重根)與無解(Δ < 0)的代數版
y=x²y=2x−1(1,1)just touches → 1 pointx² − 2x + 1 = 0(x − 1)² = 0x = 1 (double)Δ = 0
y=x²y=x−1never touch → 0 pointsx² − x + 1 = 0Δ = 1 − 4 = −3Δ < 0 → no real x
eliminate y → ax² + bx + c = 0 → look at ΔΔ > 02 solutionsΔ = 01 solutionΔ < 00 solutions
⚔ BOSS: 綜合(變形 + 相切求參數 + 代回)
tangent:x² − 2x − k = 0Δ = 4 + 4k = 0k = −1set Δ = 0, solve for the unknown