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第 10 週 · 二次函數與圖像 · 第 3 節

配方法求頂點與極值

不靠畫圖,用「配方法」把任何二次函數改寫成頂點式 y = a(x − h)² + k,一眼讀出頂點 (h, k) 與最大/最小值。配滿幾何圖例,從零講透。

▶ 第一關: 頂點式 y = a(x − h)² + k 是什麼
y = a ( x − h )² + kopening / shapeh = vertex xk = vertex y = min/maxvertex = ( h , k )
y = (x − 3)² − 4 vertex (3, −4)xyvertex (3, −4)x = 3
k = MIN (valley)a > 0k = MAX (peak)a < 0
▶ 第二關: 配方法(a = 1)求頂點與極值
x² − 6x (L-shape)x·x−3xxmissing corner(x − 3)²add (6/2)² = 9...then subtract 9 back
general formy = x² − 6x + 5complete the squarevertex formy = (x − 3)² − 4vertex (3, −4), min = −4
completethe squareread vertex(h, k)k is themin / max
▶ 第三關: a ≠ 1 與 a < 0 的配方
y = 2x² + 8x + 1 → pull out the 2 firsty = 2 ( x² + 4x ) + 1factor 2 out of x-terms+1 stays OUTSIDEnow complete the square INSIDE the bracket
completing the square inside the brackety = 2( x² + 4x ) + 1= 2( x² + 4x + 4 ) − 2×4 + 1add 4 insidesubtract 2×4 = 8= 2( x + 2 )² − 7vertex (−2, −7), min = −7
y = −(x − 2)² + 3 (a < 0, opens down)xyvertex (2, 3)MAX = 3
⚔ BOSS: 配方 + 判斷最大/最小 + 報極值
xyy = x²(0,0)vertex (h, k)shift